Based on the concept of segregation, he predicted that traits must sort into gametes separately, genetics essay. Many traits or features are controlled by a number of different genes. While a polymer composed of multiple connected nucleotides is referred to as a polynucleotide. When Mendel next allowed these plants to self-fertilize, he found that the short trait reappeared in the third generation. People with Down syndrome show at least mild mental disabilities and have unusual physical features including a flat face, large tongue, and distinctive creases on their palms, genetics essay. The mutations that cause these diseases occur in genes on the autosomal chromosomes, the chromosomes that determine bodily characteristics genetics essay exist in all cells, both sex and somatic, as opposed to sex-linked diseases.
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The hereditary molecule that is tasked with carrying genetic instructions that are used in all living things in development, growth, reproduction and functioning is referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid DNA. DNA molecules consist of two strands which are genetics essay and are mostly coiled near to one another to form a spiral. This strands are referred to as polynucleotides simply because they are made of small units known as nucleotides. The information of the DNA is stored in this nucleotides. This nucleotides are made of guanine, genetics essay, thymine, cytosine and adenine which are chemical bases, and they are usually denoted with letters G, T, C, and A respectively.
In addition to the four chemical bases, genetics essay, the nucleotide has a sugar and a phosphate group. According to the base pairing rules, the two separate polynucleotides are bound together A pairs T and C pairs G. How it works. The two strands store the same biological message, if the strands happen to separate the information in the strands is replicated. The double strands of DNA run in the opposite direction of one another. Hence they are not parallel. In every sugar, one of the nucleobases types A, T, G, and C is attached. Genetics essay sequence of this nucleobases, genetics essay, which is embedded in the backbone of the DNA, encrypts the biological information. Ribonucleic acid RNA is usually created by DNA strands in a process referred to as transcription, and the DNA strands act as the templates for this process.
Through the process of translation, the RNA genetics essay using the genetic code create the amino acid within proteins sequence. Glover, David, et al, Chromosomes are structures into which DNA has been incorporated. During cell division, genetics essay, through the process Genetics essay replication the chromosomes are duplicated, hence every cell is provided with chromosomes that are a complete set. Eukaryotic organisms which include fungi, animals and plants, use their cell nucleus is used to store most of their DNA and some of the DNA in organelles for example chloroplasts and mitochondria. Whereas in bacteria and archaea prokaryotes use the cytoplasm to store their DNA. Histones are an example of proteins that structure and mold the DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes, this helps in genetics essay the parts that can be transcribed of the Genetics essay, hence making the DNA and other proteins to interact smoothly.
Classification of nucleobasesThe nucleobases in a DNA strand have to major groups. We have the purines, they include adenine denoted by A and guanine denoted by G. The cytosine C and thymine T make up another group called pyrimidines. Uracil is a pyrimidine nucleobase that RNA takes the place of thymine, genetics essay, the lack of methyl group on its ring, it makes it different genetics essay thymine. The DNA PropertiesNucleotides are units that make DNA and are repetitive hence causing a long polymer. Its dynamic along its length, hence making it possible to coil into loops and various shapes too. DNA in all species is comprised of paired chains that are brought together by hydrogen bonds. These chains join together around the same axis. It exists as molecules held tightly together in pairs rather than as a single molecule.
The strands interlace to form a double helix. Nucleotides are made of segments and nucleobase, the backbone is used to hold the chain together, and the nucleobase is used interact with another strand in the DNA in the double helix. A sugar that is linked to nucleobase is referred to as a nucleoside. And if a sugar that is combined with one or more phosphate groups is linked to a nucleobase then we have a genetics essay. While a polymer composed of multiple connected nucleotides is referred to as a polynucleotide, genetics essay.
Alternating residuals of nucleotides and sugar make up the backbone of the strand of the DNA. The sugar is a two deoxyribose that is a pentose sugar, phosphate groups join genetics essay sugars hence forming phosphodiester bonds. With these asymmetric bonds, it means that the DNA has a strand direction. The DNA strand is genetics essay stable by two units that is hydrogen bonds, which are used to bond nucleotides, the other is base stacking that is used for the nucleobases. Silverstein, Virginia, Laura, Every mutagen creates a different type of DNA damage, for instance, electromagnetic radiation produces thymine dimers that form cross-links between pyrimidine, oxidants like hydrogen peroxide cause damages including base modifications, mostly of guanosine and breaks of double strands.
Glover, David M, David Dugan, Jeff Goldblum, James D, genetics essay. Watson, Francis Crick, genetics essay, Maurice Wilkins, and Peter Pauling. Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia B. Silverstein, genetics essay, and Laura S. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, Dacascos, Mark, Jurgen Prochnow, and William Mesa.? La Crosse, WI: Platinum Disc Corporation, Contents 1 Introduction 2 Our writers can help you with genetics essay type of essay. For any subject 2. Need a custom essay on the same topic? Our writers can help you with any type of essay. For any subject Get your price How it works.
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Want to become a judge? If you are a current-year ASHG member, you will receive an email each February inviting you to volunteer. If you did not receive the email or cannot locate it, please contact dnaday ashg. You can also volunteer by the visiting the ASHG involvement page. You may forward the judge recruiting email ONLY to fellow ASHG current members. If you have questions about future years, please contact dnaday ashg. Follow DNAday. ASHG uses cookies to provide you with a secure and custom web experience. Privacy Policy. Skip to content ASHG is proud to support National DNA Day through the Annual DNA Day Essay Contest. How does the study of Mendelian disorders help us understand complex diseases? Important Dates Early January, Submission site opens Early March, Submission site closes Monday, April 25, DNA Day!
Email dnaday ashg. org Read all the winning essays from here. Frequently Asked Questions FAQ. How many essays can one student submit? Only one entry per student. What is included in the word count, and what is not? Summarized below are some of the most common issues judges note in reading submitted essays. Too much focus on details. A focus on details to the detriment of demonstrating a clear understanding of the big picture. Judges are much more forgiving of errors in details than errors in fundamental concepts and larger ideas. The choice to use peas was because of their distinct varieties and their ability to produce offspring quickly and the ability to easily regulate fertilization.
Genetics I have always been interested in science, especially of the human body and how it works. Then we had a lab where we went over a little about genetics. I had never given too much thought about it before, besides it having to do with the human body, and I think that is because I never really knew what it was or the different areas involved in genetics. Genetics is about genes and heredity, which is the passing of traits from parent to offspring. Genetic Criticism Source study is a unique approach to a work of literature because it seems to have little to do with the completed work itself. Source study, or genetic criticism, has as its focus all of those things that influenced, or may have influenced, a literary work.
By this branch of criticism, Wilfred Guerin explains, " we mean the growth and development of a work as seen through a study of the author's manuscripts during the stages of composition of the work, of notebooks. If there were the chance that I had an allele that could change my life for the worse, of course I would get tested for it. I would rather be certain in understanding the extent to which my genetic mutation could affect my life, rather than leave it to chance being ignorant about it. This is my personal opinion, yet there are many other factors to consider when evaluating whether or not to pursue tests to further understand your own genomic makeup.
There is the question of whether or not the test. Doctor Culver was carrying a small plastic bag containing the first bag of genetically engineered cells intended to treat a human disease. SCID is a disease with a immune deficiency that can be controlled by gene therapy. This girl Cynthia was born with this disease SCID. She has been treated with gene therapy and so far it has worked. SCID is Severe Combined Immunodefficiency. It is a terrible disease that kids. anthropometric, morphological, dermatoglyphic, biochemical, molecular etc. traits in terms of phenotype frequencies and mean values, respectively.
Such exact and comprehensive descriptions are the basic requirements for the understanding of genetic variation in man and thus for the analysis of the various evolutionary factors, which caused this variation in the course of time Bhasin and Walter, Genetic engineering makes the possibility of eradicating these diseases a reality. In theory, genetic engineering can help those who suffer from these diseases live longer, healthier, fuller lives by eradicating the disease in its entirety. Though it would not be an easy feat, nor a cheap one, it could still help further advance and better human life and prolong the human life span. People would no longer live in fear of dying from these prolific diseases.
Furthermore, genetic engineering, despite the naysayers and opposers of the practice, is another step in organic evolution. From plants to animals, the practice has the chance to achieve strides within scientific history that can greatly benefit the planet in its entirety. From eliminating hunger, to eradicating once prolific diseases, genetic engineering can provide a better, longer, and higher quality of life and tackle bounds once thought impossible the scientific community. Genetically engineered plants and animals may provide a wide array of benefits that might be pivotal for humanity in the modern world. If such plant cultivars are created, it might become unnecessary to use chemicals in order to battle these plant diseases.
This is clearly a major benefit, since it means better preserving the natural environment and avoiding the use of chemicals that may contaminate soils and waters, as well as kill wildlife. The Disadvantages of Using Genetic Engineering. The use of genetic engineering to alter plants and animals used in agriculture and husbandry may also have a variety of adverse consequences. For instance, it should be noted that high rates of resistance to disease might have a serious flip side. More specifically, the pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses can usually mutate quickly in order to adapt to the new conditions. This might again necessitate the use of chemicals or antibiotics; only now stronger drugs or pesticides would be needed. Another negative possibility is accidentally creating some invasive species that may harm the local ecosystems.
For instance, if new plants are made in such a manner that the local species of animals cannot eat them, and then humans lose control over their growth, the new plants may pose a danger to the original plants growing in the given ecosystem, therefore disrupting the ecosystem. For example, in a patch of seaweed labelled as Caulerpa taxifolia was bred with another robust strain of seaweed identified by scientists as Caulerpa taxifolia Vahl C. It was eventually poisoned by the California state government to avoid further damage to marine life and the marine ecosystem and was consequently outlawed by hundreds of countries. Indeed, it should be noted that the humanity has used various methods of cultivation for millennia in order to breed for specific traits. For example, in , Warwick Kerr, a Brazilian geneticist, imported an aggressive breed of African honeybee to breed with a European species to aid in the decreasing bee population epidemic.
Provoked by even the smallest of instigation, after over 26 swarms of the aggressive bee escaped from the apiary in Sao Paulo, they wreaked havoc in North and South America, found in the United States in the early 90s. Nevertheless, genetic engineering is a fast and radical method to change organisms, and very little, if any, data is available to predict the potential adverse impacts of its utilization. It may be difficult to tell when if at any point one must stop the process of genetic engineering to avoid unexpected adverse influences of its utilization. Genetic engineering, despite its disadvantages, can help progress humanity in ways that once seemed impossible.
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